Hello @Patrick_Unverricht,
You’ll have to do a task query first (whether by Get List or Get List(POST)), and then for the found task id(s) fetch the form-variables. There is no combined call. Be aware, that a process instance might have several active user tasks at a time! So you should filter down to a certain user task definition key (depends on your requirements).
It is easy to automate, you can parse the response from the task query call for the taskId(s) and then for each taskId fetch the variables.